Key Questions
How has Hinduism shaped India?
How are Buddhism and Hinduism alike and different?
What impact did Mogul rule have on India?
What impact did British rule have on India?
What impact did Gandhi have on India?
What challenges does India face today?
Key Concepts
Theology, Ethics, and Liturgy of Hinduism
Theology, Ethics, and Liturgy of Buddhism
Theology, Ethics, and Liturgy of Islam
Mogul Rule in India
British Rule in India
Impact of M.K. Gandhi on India
Challenges facing India today
India: Land, Legend, Language
I. Land
A. India is one of 8 countries in South Asia India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, Bruma/Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan B. Between South Asia and East Asia are the 9 countries of S.E. Asia also called Indochina (between India and China)
C. 4 Rivers dominate the landscape of South Asia + S.E. Asia
1. Indus River-Flows through Pakistan
2. Ganges River-Flows through India ] Both these rivers (Ganges and Brahmaputra) empty into the Bay of Bengal, Ganges river is the holiest river
3. Brahmaputra River-Flows through China
4. Mekong-Flows through South East Asia
II. Legend A. Myth: India is a poor agricultural community
Reality: India is a mainly agricultural society with exports that include iron ore, fish, and tech support that is outsourced there.
Service Lines are popular: Same educated people working for less money
More Hi-Tech software
B. Myth: India is a land of religious freaks and fanatics
Reality: Only about 1% of Indians are this stereotype and they live at temples. The cities are full of normal people.
III. Language
Hindi=Language
A. Most educated Indians are bilingual, speaking the colonial language (British English) and one of 15 Indian languages
B. Hindi is spoken in several North Indian states while elsewhere in India when you cross a state border, you encounter a new language
Ancient India: Emergence of Two Great Religions in the Great River Valleys
I. Two Generalizations about Hinduism
A. The Four “Manys”
1. Many Scriptures: Vedas, Bhagvad Gita
2. Many Lives: Samsara
3. Many Paths: Three Primary Margas
4. Many Gods: Hindu sages see the gods as manifestations of Brahman (monotheistic)
B. One Central Truth
Atman = Brahman
Tat Tvam Asi
II. The Theology of Hinduism
A. Atman
Individual soul
B. Brahman
Universal collection of souls, all mixed together
Difference between Atman and Brahman: Brahman is a collection of different things, and once it is combined together it cannot be seperated
C. Maya
this physical existence is an illusion.
Your soul will return to Brahman
D. Moksha and Nirvana
release from samsara (moksha) to go to Nirvana and then go back to Brahman
*dharma determines karma which determines moksha E. Karma
Actions in this life lead to consequences in the next. You must follow your dharma, or duty
F. Samsara
cycle of reincarnation (birth-life-death-rebirth)
G. Trimurti:
3rd deity or trinity (hindutrinity)
Brahma (creator of universe) came from Bhrahman :creator god
Vishnu with 10 Avatars (incarnations) :sustainer/preserver god
Shiva :destroyer god(not evil). His actions lead to destruction. (destruction is not a negative force). A.K.A Nataraja (lord of dance.
III. Ethics of Hinduism
A. Jnana - Way of Knowledge.
B. Bhakti – Way of Devotion
C. Karma – Way of Works
IV. Liturgy of Hinduism
Temples of India
A. Jnana Yoga: Study Scriptures + Pursue Yoga
B. Bhakti Yoga: Pujas (prayers) to a God
C. Karma Yoga: Dharmas are Caste Specific Do what ever you were ment to do and do it well or as best you can.
V. Caste in India
A. Two Explanations
1. Religious (What Hindus Say)
2. Sociological/Historical
B. Status of Caste, see page 19
.5. 2 important caste
a. Brahmin, the priests (Brahma ≠ Brahman ≠ Brahmin ≠ Bruemmer)
1. Illegal-Result of Constitution of 1950
2. Still practiced in rural areas
3. Quotas in government schools and businesses for untouchables
C. Defense of Caste by Hindus
VI. Buddhism: Buddha’s Protest against Hinduism
A. Life of the Siddhartha Gautama --- “The Buddha” at #7
1. Birth
a. A prophocy declaring him to be a conquorer or a redeemer
2. Sheltered Youth
3. Four Sights
a. Old Age
b. Sickness
c. Death
d. Holy Man
4. The Great Renunciation
5. Career as Ascetic
6. Temptation by Mara
7. Enlightenment under the Bo Tree
Becomes the Buddha (Enlightened One)
Knows about suffering
Knows how to solve suffering
8. Sermon of the Turning of the Wheel of Law
9. Forty-Year Teaching Career
10. Death
B. Theology of Buddhism
1. Four Noble Truths
a. All of life is Dukkha (Suffering)
b. The cause of Dukkha (Suffering) is Tanha (Selfish Desire)
c. The way to overcome Dukkha (Suffering) is to stop Tanha (Selfish Desire)
d. To stop Tanha (Selfish Desire) one must follow the Middle Way --- also called the Noble Eightfold Way
Example of Tanha - Greed
Affects people around you
Actions against people around you go against buddhist beliefs
putting yourself before other people is against buddhist beliefs
very peaceful religion
2. Concepts of Samsara, Karma, and Nirvana from Hinduism
Samsara is different because you have to take care of everything in this life
Nirvana = going to heaven/nirvana
Universal Dharma is to make the world a better place
Karma - doing good
3. New Concepts of No-Soul ( = An-atman)and Impermanence (= Anitya)
only have 1 life
C. Ethics of Buddha
1. Noble Eightfold Way or Path (Middle Way or Path) - Page 29 in unit packet.
2. Three Parts: Wisdom, Conduct, Meditation
WISDOM:
See what is wrong
Decide to be cured
CONDUCT
Speak as to aim to be cured
Act as to aim to be cured
Job has to match universal Dharma
Do as much as you can
MEDITATION:
Think about what you've done, reflect
Think deep in your mind about it
D. Liturgy of Buddhism: Different emphasis in different branches p. 35
Theravada (Arhat) v. Mahayana (Bodhisattva)
E. Impact of Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire
Built empire on war
after one battle saw faces of the dead and wonder what the consequences of his actions were
became overcome with guilt and sadness
Gives up Hinduism and became buddhist and peaceful
1. Conversion to Buddhism 2. Spread Buddhism - saves it from extinction
a. Supervised building of temples, monasteries, stupas
b. Sent missionaries abroad 3. Constantine is to Christianity what Ashoka was to Buddhism
Period B: India 0 to 1500: Religions in Transition I. Golden Age of Hinduism
A. Golden Age of Temple Building during Gupta Empire
Threat of Buddhism taking over led to Golden age of hinduism
Temples built in order to spread buddhism
B. Absorption of Buddhism (Buddha is Avatar of Vishnu)
From Hindu perspective, justifies Buddhists as a Hindu religion.
Mostly just done for convenience, doesnt make much sense.
Obviously done to promote hinduism even more
Some hindus claim Jeusus, Allah, and others are avatars of vishnu
Buddhism declines in India due to the rise of hinduism. Begins to spread to asia.
II. Arrival of Islam from Arabia Where Muhammad Started It
India has a history of colonization.
A.In a cave outside Mecca, Gabriel (God's Angel) speaks the Koran to Muhammad who dedicates Kaaba to Allah.
Muhammad is the inspiration to spread Islam to India.
B.Muhammad inspires the spread of islam to india
C. State Religion of the Delhi Sultanate with Hindu Converts
D. Active Attack on Hinduism and Buddhism.
III. Disappearance of Buddhism in India
A. To China (Tibet and Yangtze River Valley) and Japan
B. To Nepal and Bhutan
C. To Sri Lanka
D. To S.E. Asia Islam A.Theology 1. Allah = God, he is the only God. Very similar to christian/jewish beliefs
2. Prophet Muhammad = messenger, last of 25 prophets. Prophet = messenger of god. Jesus, Moses, Muhammad = Prophets.
3. Monotheistic
4. One life to live, Judgement day in future B. Ethics-Five Pillars
1. Shahadah --- Creed ("No god except Allah. Muhammad is his messenger.")
2. Prayer (Salat)– Five Times a Day Facing the Kaaba in Mecca
5 times a day individually
Group prayer in Mosque
3: Zakat:
Sharing wealth with the poor
Give 2.5% of your net worth
Everything you own is considered wealth
Not concidered charity
If you have NOTHING you can be nice to someone or think of someone before yourself and that can be considered Zakat, you give what you can (labor, kindness ect).
4: Ramadan
Fasting during daylight during the month of Ramadan
The goals:
Reflect on your relationship with god
Appreciate what you have
See how others feel
Spiritual connections are more important than physical ones
Reflect on your dicipline and commitment to your religion
Think of the less fortunate
Jihad-Self dicipline, you know what god wants, but there are temptations, the struggle to decide to do the right thing
Jihad:Muslims::Crusaid:Christians
5: Hajj
Journey to Mecca
Every Muslim must go at least once in their lifetime
Circle the Kaaba, the most holy place in Mecca
Everyone wears white to show that everyone’s equal in the pilgrimage
C. Liturgy
Daily worship on prayer rug
Weekly worship in Mosque
Feast at the end of Ramadan
D. Islam: Two Major Branches
1. Sunnis:
Original
Majority
Only Acknowledge Scriptures
Believed that someone most qualified should lead, most experience
2. Shi’ites (Shi’ia)
Followers of Ali (early rebel)
Minority
Followers of scripture and Imams
Imams are the religious leaders that interpret the law.
Believed that someone related to Muhammad should lead
Comparing Religions:
Christianity
Hinduism
Buddhism
Islam
Theology
Monotheism
Created world in 7 days
One life
Heaven or Hell
See page 18 in Unit packet 3
Atman = Bramahn
Four Nobel Truths
Siddhartha Gautama who became “The Buddha” is only a man
Monotheism-Allah
25 prophets ending with Muhammad
Judgment day with heaven and hell
Ethics
Follow the 10 commandments
3 paths or choices
1. Way of Knowledge
2. Way of Devotion
3. Way of Works
1. Study and yoga
2. Pujas in temple
3. Observe dharmas of caste
Follow the eight fold path
1. Wisdom
2. Conduct
3. Meditation
Ordinary people of first 5 steps (see 1 & 2)
Monks complete number 3
Daily worship
Weekly worship in Mosque
Period C: Moguls, Maharaja(h)s, and Merchants
I. Moguls from Turkey Invade and Conquer India A. Great Builders/Architects 1. Forts 2. Mosques 3. Tombs: TajMahal
4. Model Cities: FatehpurSikri
B. Great Leaders Who Promoted Islam
Babur --- The Founder of the Mogul Dynasty, Defeated the Delhi, introduced Mogul rulers
Akbar --- The Most Famous + Benevolent, was 13 when he came ot power, unified N and S India, civil service, berit based, made the Muslims & Islams equal, 12 provences, rulers, had TOLERANCE. Legacy: unified India, united Muslims and Islams, the arts flourished.
Shah Jahan --- The Builder of the TajMahal, started out as a good ruler, but went crazy after wife's death and during the building of her tomb, the Taj Mahal.
II. Maharaja(h)s A. Great Princes Ruling Since Period A with Kingdoms Varying in Size B. Relations with Moguls---The Moguls made alliances with some weaker maharajas, who wanted more land, and fought the stronger
Maharajas. C. Diversity among Maharajas
1. Extravagant Eccentrics---wasted money on things like weddings for their pets.
2. Petty Despots---Usually spent money on their friends and themselves. gave special treatment to friends.
3. Benevolent Administrators---Some appointed administrators spent money in the best interest of the people i.e. roads, schools, and
health care.
Maharajas
Period C - Merchants from Great Britain
A. British Parliament grants charter to B.E.I.C. (British East India Company)
- B.E.I.C. wanted to represent GB in India and buy spices, tea, salt, pepper
-British set up coastal trading posts (forts)
- got authority to trade by maharajas
- brought in missionaries (first christianity to catch on)
- Moguls are not in rule and Maharajas making deals with British to kick Moguls out of India
B. 7 years war- British merchants (indians from India) vs. French merchants (indians from America)
- british hired mercenaries
- "black hole of Colecutta" Maharaja took over british fort and put prisoners in dungeon (black hole) and killed them
- BEIC used this to get support to fight Indianist French
- Robert Clive- defeats maharaja of calecutta in battle of Plassey using divide and conquer
- british had more to gain -Kenny
III. Merchants from Great Britain A.British Parliament grants charter to B.E.I.C. B.B. 7 Years War: British Merchants v. French Merchants 1.“Black Hole of Calcutta” Dungeon in India where British captives were held. Many horrible deaths occurred in the dungeon. The British used this as an excuse to
conquer India. 2.Battle of Plassey Robert Clive defeated the Maharaja of Calcutta to avenge the deaths in the "Black Hole". Period D: Indian History in the 19th Century: The Sepoy Mutiny and British Raj I. The Sepoy Mutiny (British name) or First War of Indian Independence (Indian name) in the Summer of 1857 A.Cause-Ethnic Insensitivity
Enfield Rifle---In the cartridges of the Enfield rifle there was animal fat. If Muslim and Hindu mercenaries bit into the cartridge they would be going
against their religion and eating something that was made of meat.
B.Conflict 1.Remember Cawnpore---In Cawnpore many Indian soldiers lashed out at British civilians and brutally killed many of them. 2.Revenge at Lucknow---The British attacked he Indians. Even though the Indians knew they were coming, they were very unprepared. To avenge the
deaths of British citizens the army brutally killed the Indians to"teach them a lesson".
C.Consequences 1.BEIC stripped of its charger because they couldn’t keep the peace in India. 2.India becomes a colony of Great Britain.--- The government takes control of India, saying that anything that had a mark of the B.E.I.C, which was everything, now belonged to the government of Great Britain. II. The Beginning of the British Raj A. Queen Victoria (1837-1901) B. Viceroy is British Parliament’s representative in India--- People of India reported to the Viceroy, the Viceroy reported to Queen Victoria. C. I.C.S. (Indian Civil Service)---this gave Indian's jobs, but they were usually labor work. III. Evaluating British Rule A. Case of Sir Mohan Lal
- He acted like an English man so that he would
get statis.
- He went to Cambridge for college.
- British didn't like him becasue he was Indian and his skin was darker. Indians didn't like him because he was trying to be British. B. Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden” C. Poem by an unknown Indian D. “Sword of Sugar” IV. Mohandas K. Gandhi: A Life Begins A.“Blundering Boy”
- He ate meat which went against his religion.
- peer presure causedhim to a lot of stuff he shouldn't have done.
- He smoked and stole money from family membvers.
- he was poor and acted poorly around his wife because he was jealous of her. B.Trip to U.K. to Study Law - he went to study to become a lawyer.
- After that he went back to India to practice being a lawyer. C.Satyagraha Begins in British South Africa 1.Why Gandhi in British South Africa 2.Incident on the Train - he was thrown out of the first class car on the train becasue he was indian. 3.Civil Disobedience against Pass Book Period E: “Indian History in 20th Century: Gandhi’s Crusades” I.Gandhi's Goals (“Ends”) A. Independence of India from Great Britain - They wanted their own government not a foreign one.
- They were a soverign nation, they didn't want people from outside of
the borders ruling them. B. Improvement of the lives of poor Indians C. Integration of Hindus and Moslems in one country - Everyone is equal
- Everyone should live together. D. End to caste and untouchables - He didn';t believe that it was fair.
- God loved everyone equal. II.Gandhi’s Method Called Satyagraha (“Means”)
II. Gandhi's method Satyagraha ("means")
A. Definition
Way to pursue change peacefully and to stop injustices.
1. One must believe their cause is true and substantial
2. One must have no hate (there is no enemy)
3. One must be prepared to suffer any and all consequences i.e. civil disobedience
it means soul forth, truth.
- Your cause must be true and substantial
- Doing it to make the world a better place.
- You dont hate your opponent.
- A person who is a satygraha wil take any opunishment.
- Wont fight back.
- Completely reject violence and wont be violent. B.How Implemented 1.Livlng on Ashram- commune - Helps to make everyone equal.
- No caste system
- dosen't amtter who you are. 2.Hartal-strike - the Indians wouldn't go to work 3.Boycott of English goods 4.Fasting 5.Spinning 6.Parades/Marches III.Campaign in Champaran A.Issue B.Gandhi’s Response C.Significance IV.Crusade against Continuation of Rowlatt Acts after WWI A.Issue B.Gandhi’s Response C.Significance V.The Salt March A.Issue B.Gandhi’s Response -suggests that Indians make own salt
-Trading preserves food, stay hydrated, seasoning
-British were saying we control you
-Darsona salt works exposes evil things British are doing. C.Significance - showed ho brutal British were.
- They could do it themselves.
- More support is coming from the public
- Indians no longer need to rely on British for salt
- Sets up India to be free - showed ho brutal British were.
- They could do it themselves.
- More support is coming from the public
- Indians no longer need to rely on British for salt
- Sets up India to be free
VI.Gandhi: A Controversial Figure A.Controversial Goals and Methods 1. Four Goals 2. Six Forms of Satyagraha B. Admired by Some, Opposed by Others 1. Andrews, Slade, Calambar 2. J. Nehru of the Congress Party 3. M.A. Jinnah of Moslem League 4. Subhas Chandra Bose 5. Nathuram Godse 6. Martin Luther King Jr. + Rosa Parks VII.Gandhi Wins Independence, but Fails to Stop Partition A.Factors Contributing to Indian Independence 1.WWII Bankrupts Britain 2.Gandhi’s Crusades 3.USA + USSR as Champions of Nationalism B.The Debate over Partition
1. Dominion of Pakistan created on 14 August 1947. Became world's first Islamic Republic in 1956. New city of Islamabad replaced Karachi as capital in the mid 1960s2. British India was made up of provinces, princely states and state agencies. An independent Union of India was created on 15 August 1947 and renamed the Republic of India in 19503.Punjab was split in two. Majority Muslim western part became Pakistan's Punjab province; majority Sikh and Hindu eastern part became India's Punjab state4.Bengal divided into Indian state of West Bengal and East Pakistan, which became East Bengal in 1956 and Bangladesh achieved independence after a civil war in 1971
1.Gandhi’s View- Doesnt want partition because even though he wants Britain out, he wants to keep India united, not divided. 2.Jinnah’s View- Wants his own Muslim country because Hindus and Muslims dont work well together and the Hindus were ruling over Muslims. Gandhi said everyone is indian so it shouldnt matter. 3.British Decision-
Wanted to get out of India because they were bankrupt and they didnt care what India did. Before they could leave, they had to make sure India was strong or else Britain would have to come back and they couldnt afford to. If they agreed with partition then the majority was happy and they could leave.
PAGE 73 IN UNIT PACKET
C. The Most Complex Divorce in History
1. India and Pakistan had to be divided up; 80% India - 20% Pakistan
- Partition: based on where people are
- people were hesitent to leave and stayed where they were as long as they could until they left because of pressure.
A. Population and Geography
B. Natural Resources
-Got whatever you got
C. Industrial Capacity
-Build new factories
D. Infrastructure
2. Vicory Consulted With Majaraja
-Marjarajas couldnt be independent and they couldnt beat the Indians
D. British Selfish Intentions Result in Great Migration and Civil War
1. Muslims in India move to Pakistan
-felt hostility between eachother, blaming eachother
-couldnt go to court since the courts were British
2. Hindus in Pakistan Move to India
3. Road Massacures and "Ghost Trains"
-women and children killed
-hindus left to India on a train
-Muslims left to Pakistan on trains
-soldiers got on last stop and killed everyone
-soldiers were not caught
4. The Big Mistake in Kashmire
-didnt know who it belonged to
NORTH - INDIA SOUTH - PAKISTAN SMALL EASTERN PART - CHINA
How has Hinduism shaped India?
How are Buddhism and Hinduism alike and different?
What impact did Mogul rule have on India?
What impact did British rule have on India?
What impact did Gandhi have on India?
What challenges does India face today?
Key Concepts
Theology, Ethics, and Liturgy of Hinduism
Theology, Ethics, and Liturgy of Buddhism
Theology, Ethics, and Liturgy of Islam
Mogul Rule in India
British Rule in India
Impact of M.K. Gandhi on India
Challenges facing India today
India: Land, Legend, Language
I. Land
A. India is one of 8 countries in South Asia
India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, Bruma/Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan
B. Between South Asia and East Asia are the 9 countries of S.E. Asia also called Indochina (between India and China)
C. 4 Rivers dominate the landscape of South Asia + S.E. Asia
1. Indus River-Flows through Pakistan
2. Ganges River-Flows through India ] Both these rivers (Ganges and Brahmaputra) empty into the Bay of Bengal, Ganges river is the holiest river
3. Brahmaputra River-Flows through China
4. Mekong-Flows through South East Asia
II. Legend
A. Myth: India is a poor agricultural community
Reality: India is a mainly agricultural society with exports that include iron ore, fish, and tech support that is outsourced there.
Service Lines are popular: Same educated people working for less money
More Hi-Tech software
B. Myth: India is a land of religious freaks and fanatics
Reality: Only about 1% of Indians are this stereotype and they live at temples. The cities are full of normal people.
III. Language
Hindi=Language
A. Most educated Indians are bilingual, speaking the colonial language (British English) and one of 15 Indian languages
B. Hindi is spoken in several North Indian states while elsewhere in India when you cross a state border, you encounter a new language
Ancient India: Emergence of Two Great Religions in the Great River Valleys
I. Two Generalizations about Hinduism
A. The Four “Manys”
1. Many Scriptures: Vedas, Bhagvad Gita
2. Many Lives: Samsara
3. Many Paths: Three Primary Margas
4. Many Gods: Hindu sages see the gods as manifestations of Brahman (monotheistic)
B. One Central Truth
Atman = Brahman
Tat Tvam Asi
II. The Theology of Hinduism
A. Atman
- Individual soul
B. Brahman- Universal collection of souls, all mixed together
- Difference between Atman and Brahman: Brahman is a collection of different things, and once it is combined together it cannot be seperated
C. MayaD. Moksha and Nirvana
- release from samsara (moksha) to go to Nirvana and then go back to Brahman
*dharma determines karma which determines mokshaE. Karma
Actions in this life lead to consequences in the next. You must follow your dharma, or duty
F. Samsara
G. Trimurti:
Brahma (creator of universe) came from Bhrahman :creator god
Vishnu with 10 Avatars (incarnations) :sustainer/preserver god
Shiva :destroyer god(not evil). His actions lead to destruction. (destruction is not a negative force). A.K.A Nataraja (lord of dance.
III. Ethics of Hinduism
A. Jnana - Way of Knowledge.
B. Bhakti – Way of Devotion
C. Karma – Way of Works
IV. Liturgy of Hinduism
Temples of India
A. Jnana Yoga: Study Scriptures + Pursue Yoga
B. Bhakti Yoga: Pujas (prayers) to a God
C. Karma Yoga: Dharmas are Caste Specific Do what ever you were ment to do and do it well or as best you can.
V. Caste in India
A. Two Explanations
1. Religious (What Hindus Say)
2. Sociological/Historical
B. Status of Caste, see page 19
.5. 2 important caste
a. Brahmin, the priests (Brahma ≠ Brahman ≠ Brahmin ≠ Bruemmer)
1. Illegal-Result of Constitution of 1950
2. Still practiced in rural areas
3. Quotas in government schools and businesses for untouchables
C. Defense of Caste by Hindus
VI. Buddhism: Buddha’s Protest against Hinduism
A. Life of the Siddhartha Gautama --- “The Buddha” at #7
1. Birth
a. A prophocy declaring him to be a conquorer or a redeemer
2. Sheltered Youth
3. Four Sights
a. Old Age
b. Sickness
c. Death
d. Holy Man
4. The Great Renunciation
5. Career as Ascetic
6. Temptation by Mara
7. Enlightenment under the Bo Tree
8. Sermon of the Turning of the Wheel of Law
9. Forty-Year Teaching Career
10. Death
B. Theology of Buddhism
1. Four Noble Truths
a. All of life is Dukkha (Suffering)
b. The cause of Dukkha (Suffering) is Tanha (Selfish Desire)
c. The way to overcome Dukkha (Suffering) is to stop Tanha (Selfish Desire)
d. To stop Tanha (Selfish Desire) one must follow the Middle Way --- also called the Noble Eightfold Way
Example of Tanha - Greed
2. Concepts of Samsara, Karma, and Nirvana from Hinduism
3. New Concepts of No-Soul ( = An-atman)and Impermanence (= Anitya)
C. Ethics of Buddha
1. Noble Eightfold Way or Path (Middle Way or Path) - Page 29 in unit packet.
2. Three Parts: Wisdom, Conduct, Meditation
WISDOM:
- See what is wrong
- Decide to be cured
CONDUCT- Speak as to aim to be cured
- Act as to aim to be cured
- Job has to match universal Dharma
- Do as much as you can
MEDITATION:D. Liturgy of Buddhism: Different emphasis in different branches p. 35
Theravada (Arhat) v. Mahayana (Bodhisattva)
E. Impact of Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire
- Built empire on war
- after one battle saw faces of the dead and wonder what the consequences of his actions were
- became overcome with guilt and sadness
- Gives up Hinduism and became buddhist and peaceful
1. Conversion to Buddhism2. Spread Buddhism - saves it from extinction
a. Supervised building of temples, monasteries, stupas
b. Sent missionaries abroad
3. Constantine is to Christianity what Ashoka was to Buddhism
Period B: India 0 to 1500: Religions in Transition
I. Golden Age of Hinduism
A. Golden Age of Temple Building during Gupta Empire
B. Absorption of Buddhism (Buddha is Avatar of Vishnu)
II. Arrival of Islam from Arabia Where Muhammad Started It
India has a history of colonization.
A.In a cave outside Mecca, Gabriel (God's Angel) speaks the Koran to Muhammad who dedicates Kaaba to Allah.
Muhammad is the inspiration to spread Islam to India.
B.Muhammad inspires the spread of islam to india
C. State Religion of the Delhi Sultanate with Hindu Converts
D. Active Attack on Hinduism and Buddhism.
III. Disappearance of Buddhism in India
A. To China (Tibet and Yangtze River Valley) and Japan
B. To Nepal and Bhutan
C. To Sri Lanka
D. To S.E. Asia
Islam
A.Theology
1. Allah = God, he is the only God. Very similar to christian/jewish beliefs
2. Prophet Muhammad = messenger, last of 25 prophets. Prophet = messenger of god. Jesus, Moses, Muhammad = Prophets.
3. Monotheistic
4. One life to live, Judgement day in future
B. Ethics-Five Pillars
1. Shahadah --- Creed ("No god except Allah. Muhammad is his messenger.")
2. Prayer (Salat)– Five Times a Day Facing the Kaaba in Mecca
5 times a day individually
Group prayer in Mosque
3: Zakat:
Sharing wealth with the poor
Give 2.5% of your net worth
Everything you own is considered wealth
Not concidered charity
If you have NOTHING you can be nice to someone or think of someone before yourself and that can be considered Zakat, you give what you can (labor, kindness ect).
4: Ramadan
Fasting during daylight during the month of Ramadan
The goals:
Reflect on your relationship with god
Appreciate what you have
See how others feel
Spiritual connections are more important than physical ones
Reflect on your dicipline and commitment to your religion
Think of the less fortunate
Jihad-Self dicipline, you know what god wants, but there are temptations, the struggle to decide to do the right thing
Jihad:Muslims::Crusaid:Christians
5: Hajj
Journey to Mecca
Every Muslim must go at least once in their lifetime
Circle the Kaaba, the most holy place in Mecca
Everyone wears white to show that everyone’s equal in the pilgrimage
C. Liturgy
Daily worship on prayer rug
Weekly worship in Mosque
Feast at the end of Ramadan
D. Islam: Two Major Branches
1. Sunnis:
Original
Majority
Only Acknowledge Scriptures
Believed that someone most qualified should lead, most experience
2. Shi’ites (Shi’ia)
Followers of Ali (early rebel)
Minority
Followers of scripture and Imams
Imams are the religious leaders that interpret the law.
Believed that someone related to Muhammad should lead
Comparing Religions:
Created world in 7 days
One life
Heaven or Hell
Atman = Bramahn
Siddhartha Gautama who became “The Buddha” is only a man
25 prophets ending with Muhammad
Judgment day with heaven and hell
1. Way of Knowledge
2. Way of Devotion
3. Way of Works
1. Wisdom
2. Conduct
3. Meditation
Prayer, Hymns, Readings, Sermon, Holy communion
Bible
2. Pujas in temple
3. Observe dharmas of caste
1. Wisdom
2. Conduct
3. Meditation
Ordinary people of first 5 steps (see 1 & 2)
Monks complete number 3
Weekly worship in Mosque
Period C: Moguls, Maharaja(h)s, and Merchants
I. Moguls from Turkey Invade and Conquer India
A. Great Builders/Architects
1. Forts
2. Mosques
3. Tombs: Taj Mahal
4. Model Cities: Fatehpur Sikri
B. Great Leaders Who Promoted Islam
Babur --- The Founder of the Mogul Dynasty, Defeated the Delhi, introduced Mogul rulers
Akbar --- The Most Famous + Benevolent, was 13 when he came ot power, unified N and S India, civil service, berit based, made the Muslims & Islams equal, 12 provences, rulers, had TOLERANCE. Legacy: unified India, united Muslims and Islams, the arts flourished.
Shah Jahan --- The Builder of the Taj Mahal, started out as a good ruler, but went crazy after wife's death and during the building of her tomb, the Taj Mahal.
II. Maharaja(h)s
A. Great Princes Ruling Since Period A with Kingdoms Varying in Size
B. Relations with Moguls---The Moguls made alliances with some weaker maharajas, who wanted more land, and fought the stronger
Maharajas.
C. Diversity among Maharajas
1. Extravagant Eccentrics---wasted money on things like weddings for their pets.
2. Petty Despots---Usually spent money on their friends and themselves. gave special treatment to friends.
3. Benevolent Administrators---Some appointed administrators spent money in the best interest of the people i.e. roads, schools, and
health care.
Maharajas
Period C - Merchants from Great Britain
A. British Parliament grants charter to B.E.I.C. (British East India Company)
- B.E.I.C. wanted to represent GB in India and buy spices, tea, salt, pepper
-British set up coastal trading posts (forts)
- got authority to trade by maharajas
- brought in missionaries (first christianity to catch on)
- Moguls are not in rule and Maharajas making deals with British to kick Moguls out of India
B. 7 years war- British merchants (indians from India) vs. French merchants (indians from America)
- british hired mercenaries
- "black hole of Colecutta" Maharaja took over british fort and put prisoners in dungeon (black hole) and killed them
- BEIC used this to get support to fight Indianist French
- Robert Clive- defeats maharaja of calecutta in battle of Plassey using divide and conquer
- british had more to gain
-Kenny
III. Merchants from Great Britain
A. British Parliament grants charter to B.E.I.C.
B. B. 7 Years War: British Merchants v. French Merchants
1. “Black Hole of Calcutta”
Dungeon in India where British captives were held. Many horrible deaths occurred in the dungeon. The British used this as an excuse to
conquer India.
2. Battle of Plassey
Robert Clive defeated the Maharaja of Calcutta to avenge the deaths in the "Black Hole".
Period D: Indian History in the 19th Century: The Sepoy Mutiny and British Raj
I. The Sepoy Mutiny (British name) or First War of Indian Independence (Indian name) in the Summer of 1857
A. Cause-Ethnic Insensitivity
Enfield Rifle---In the cartridges of the Enfield rifle there was animal fat. If Muslim and Hindu mercenaries bit into the cartridge they would be going
against their religion and eating something that was made of meat.
B. Conflict
1. Remember Cawnpore---In Cawnpore many Indian soldiers lashed out at British civilians and brutally killed many of them.
2. Revenge at Lucknow---The British attacked he Indians. Even though the Indians knew they were coming, they were very unprepared. To avenge the
deaths of British citizens the army brutally killed the Indians to"teach them a lesson".
C. Consequences
1. BEIC stripped of its charger because they couldn’t keep the peace in India.
2. India becomes a colony of Great Britain.--- The government takes control of India, saying that anything that had a mark of the B.E.I.C, which was everything, now belonged to the government of Great Britain.
II. The Beginning of the British Raj
A. Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
B. Viceroy is British Parliament’s representative in India--- People of India reported to the Viceroy, the Viceroy reported to Queen Victoria.
C. I.C.S. (Indian Civil Service)---this gave Indian's jobs, but they were usually labor work.
III. Evaluating British Rule
A. Case of Sir Mohan Lal
- He acted like an English man so that he would
get statis.
- He went to Cambridge for college.
- British didn't like him becasue he was Indian and his skin was darker. Indians didn't like him because he was trying to be British.
B. Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden”
C. Poem by an unknown Indian
D. “Sword of Sugar”
IV. Mohandas K. Gandhi: A Life Begins
A. “Blundering Boy”
- He ate meat which went against his religion.
- peer presure causedhim to a lot of stuff he shouldn't have done.
- He smoked and stole money from family membvers.
- he was poor and acted poorly around his wife because he was jealous of her.
B. Trip to U.K. to Study Law
- he went to study to become a lawyer.
- After that he went back to India to practice being a lawyer.
C. Satyagraha Begins in British South Africa
1. Why Gandhi in British South Africa
2. Incident on the Train
- he was thrown out of the first class car on the train becasue he was indian.
3. Civil Disobedience against Pass Book
Period E: “Indian History in 20th Century: Gandhi’s Crusades”
I. Gandhi's Goals (“Ends”)
A. Independence of India from Great Britain
- They wanted their own government not a foreign one.
- They were a soverign nation, they didn't want people from outside of
the borders ruling them.
B. Improvement of the lives of poor Indians
C. Integration of Hindus and Moslems in one country
- Everyone is equal
- Everyone should live together.
D. End to caste and untouchables
- He didn';t believe that it was fair.
- God loved everyone equal.
II. Gandhi’s Method Called Satyagraha (“Means”)
II. Gandhi's method Satyagraha ("means")
A. Definition
Way to pursue change peacefully and to stop injustices.
1. One must believe their cause is true and substantial
2. One must have no hate (there is no enemy)
3. One must be prepared to suffer any and all consequences i.e. civil disobedience
it means soul forth, truth.
- Your cause must be true and substantial
- Doing it to make the world a better place.
- You dont hate your opponent.
- A person who is a satygraha wil take any opunishment.
- Wont fight back.
- Completely reject violence and wont be violent.
B. How Implemented
1. Livlng on Ashram- commune
- Helps to make everyone equal.
- No caste system
- dosen't amtter who you are.
2. Hartal-strike
- the Indians wouldn't go to work
3. Boycott of English goods
4. Fasting
5. Spinning
6. Parades/Marches
III. Campaign in Champaran
A. Issue
B. Gandhi’s Response
C. Significance
IV. Crusade against Continuation of Rowlatt Acts after WWI
A. Issue
B. Gandhi’s Response
C. Significance
V. The Salt March
A. Issue
B. Gandhi’s Response
-suggests that Indians make own salt
-Trading preserves food, stay hydrated, seasoning
-British were saying we control you
-Darsona salt works exposes evil things British are doing.
C. Significance
- showed ho brutal British were.
- They could do it themselves.
- More support is coming from the public
- Indians no longer need to rely on British for salt
- Sets up India to be free
- showed ho brutal British were.
- They could do it themselves.
- More support is coming from the public
- Indians no longer need to rely on British for salt
- Sets up India to be free
VI. Gandhi: A Controversial Figure
A. Controversial Goals and Methods
1. Four Goals
2. Six Forms of Satyagraha
B. Admired by Some, Opposed by Others
1. Andrews, Slade, Calambar
2. J. Nehru of the Congress Party
3. M.A. Jinnah of Moslem League
4. Subhas Chandra Bose
5. Nathuram Godse
6. Martin Luther King Jr. + Rosa Parks
VII. Gandhi Wins Independence, but Fails to Stop Partition
A. Factors Contributing to Indian Independence
1. WWII Bankrupts Britain
2. Gandhi’s Crusades
3. USA + USSR as Champions of Nationalism
B. The Debate over Partition
1. Gandhi’s View-
Doesnt want partition because even though he wants Britain out, he wants to keep India united, not divided.
2. Jinnah’s View-
Wants his own Muslim country because Hindus and Muslims dont work well together and the Hindus were ruling over Muslims. Gandhi said everyone is indian so it shouldnt matter.
3. British Decision-
Wanted to get out of India because they were bankrupt and they didnt care what India did. Before they could leave, they had to make sure India was strong or else Britain would have to come back and they couldnt afford to. If they agreed with partition then the majority was happy and they could leave.
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C. The Most Complex Divorce in History
1. India and Pakistan had to be divided up; 80% India - 20% Pakistan
- Partition: based on where people are
- people were hesitent to leave and stayed where they were as long as they could until they left because of pressure.
A. Population and Geography
B. Natural Resources
-Got whatever you got
C. Industrial Capacity
-Build new factories
D. Infrastructure
2. Vicory Consulted With Majaraja
-Marjarajas couldnt be independent and they couldnt beat the Indians
D. British Selfish Intentions Result in Great Migration and Civil War
1. Muslims in India move to Pakistan
-felt hostility between eachother, blaming eachother
-couldnt go to court since the courts were British
2. Hindus in Pakistan Move to India
3. Road Massacures and "Ghost Trains"
-women and children killed
-hindus left to India on a train
-Muslims left to Pakistan on trains
-soldiers got on last stop and killed everyone
-soldiers were not caught
4. The Big Mistake in Kashmire
-didnt know who it belonged to
NORTH - INDIA SOUTH - PAKISTAN SMALL EASTERN PART - CHINA